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Nayirah Kuwaiti Baby Testimony Nayirah Testimony and Desert Storm

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1990 atrocity propaganda about Iraqi human rights violations in State of kuwait

Nayirah al-Ṣabaḥ during her testimony. It was subsequently revealed that she was the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United states and that her testimony could not be verified.

The Nayirah testimony was false testimony given earlier the Us Congressional Human Rights Caucus on October ten, 1990, by a 15-year-old daughter who was publicly identified at the fourth dimension by her starting time name, Nayirah. The testimony was widely publicized, and was cited numerous times by United States senators and President George H. West. Bush in their rationale to support State of kuwait in the Gulf War.

In 1992, information technology was revealed that Nayirah's final proper noun was Al-Ṣabaḥ (Arabic: نيرة الصباح) and that she was the daughter of Saud Al-Sabah, the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States. Furthermore, it was revealed that her testimony was organized equally role of the Citizens for a Free Kuwait public relations campaign, which was run by the American public relations house Hill & Knowlton for the Kuwaiti government. Post-obit this, al-Sabah's testimony has come to be regarded as a archetype example of modern barbarism propaganda.[1] [2]

In her testimony, Nayirah claimed that after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait she had witnessed Iraqi soldiers take babies out of incubators in a Kuwaiti infirmary, take the incubators, and exit the babies to die.

Her story was initially corroborated past Amnesty International, a British NGO, which published several contained reports about the killings[3] and testimony from evacuees. Following the liberation of Kuwait, reporters were given access to the country. An ABC report plant that "patients, including premature babies, did die, when many of Kuwait's nurses and doctors ... fled" merely Iraqi troops "almost certainly had not stolen infirmary incubators and left hundreds of Kuwaiti babies to die."[4] Amnesty International reacted by issuing a correction, with executive director John Healey later on accusing the Bush administration of "opportunistic manipulation of the international human being rights movement".[5]

Groundwork [edit]

Incubator allegations [edit]

Iraqis are beating people, bombing and shooting. They are taking all hospital equipment, babies out of incubators. Life-support systems are turned off. ... They are fifty-fifty removing traffic lights. The Iraqis are beating Kuwaitis, torturing them, knifing them, beating them, cutting their ears off if they are caught resisting or are with the Kuwaiti army or police.
— Evacuee's description as reported in St. Louis Postal service-Acceleration [6]

Following the Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait, there were reports of widespread looting. On September 2, 1990, in a letter to the United nations Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar, Kuwait'south United nations representative, Mohammad A. Abulhasan, wrote:

Farther to those of our communications which are intended to inform you of the actions perpetrated by the Iraqi occupation authorities in Kuwait in contravention of all international laws, and on the basis of confirmed information provided to us by the Government of Kuwait, nosotros wish to draw attention to a phenomenon which has no precedent in history, namely, the Iraqi occupation authorities' organized operation for the purpose of annexation and plundering State of kuwait. Information technology is impossible to compare this functioning to whatsoever similar incidents or to provide an verbal account thereof considering it is in consequence an performance designed to achieve nothing less than the consummate removal of State of kuwait'due south assets, including holding belonging to the Country, to public and private institutions and to individuals, too equally the contents of houses, factories, stores, hospitals, academic institutes, schools, and universities ... What has occurred in Kuwait is the perpetration of an act of armed robbery past a State which has used its military, security and technical organs for that purpose.[7]

In the letter, Abulhasan also noted that "theft of all equipment from private and public hospitals, including X-ray machines, scanners and pieces of laboratory equipment."[vii] The allegations of annexation were likewise retold by evacuees who described "soldiers looting function buildings, schools and hospitals for air conditioners, computers, blackboards, desks, and even infant incubators and radiation equipment."[8] Douglas Hurd, the British Secretary for strange diplomacy surmised that "they are annexation and destroying in a way which suggests that they may non wait to exist there for very long."[ix]

The looting of incubators attracted media attention considering of allegations that premature babies were being discarded or dying as a result.[10] On September 5, Abdul Wahab Al-Fowzan, the Kuwaiti health government minister-in-exile, stated at a press briefing in Taif, Saudi Arabia "that Iraqi soldiers had seized almost all of the country's hospitals and medical institutions after their invasion" and that "soldiers evicted patients and systematically looted the hospitals of high-tech equipment, ambulances, drugs and plasma" which resulted in the death of 22 premature babies.[9] [11] The Washington Mail described the origin of the Kuwaiti babe story as follows:

The Kuwaiti baby story originated with a letter from a senior Kuwaiti public health official that was smuggled out of the state by a European diplomat late last calendar month, according to Hudah Bahar, an builder who received the alphabetic character here in London. It was supplemented by information gathered from fleeing Kuwaitis and other sources by Fawzia Sayegh, a Kuwaiti pediatrician living hither.

The letter of the alphabet claimed that Iraqi soldiers ordered patients evicted from several hospitals and closed down critical units for treating cancer patients, dialysis patients and those suffering from diabetes. Bahar and Sayegh said the Iraqis hauled sophisticated equipment such every bit dialysis machines back to Baghdad, role of the haul of cash, golden, cars and jewelry that is said by Arab banking sources to exceed $ii billion. Amongst the equipment taken were the 22 infant incubator units, they said.[11]

The Washington Post also noted that it was unable to verify the accusations every bit Iraq did not permit access to the area and had quarantined diplomats.[xi]

On September 5, in some other alphabetic character to the UN Secretary General, Abulhasan reiterated Fowzan's claims writing:

We are informed by impeccable sources in Kuwait's health institutions that the Iraqi occupation authorities have carried out the post-obit savage crimes, which may be described every bit crimes against humanity: ... 2. The incubators in maternity hospitals used for children suffering from retarded growth (premature children) have been removed, causing the death of all the children who were nether treatment.[12]

The letter did non state how many babies had died.[11] [13] The allegations in the letter received widespread media coverage in the post-obit days.[14] [15] [xvi] [17] [eighteen] [19] That day, in an interview with released hostages on NPR's All Things Considered, a earnest stated that Iraqi troops were "hitting children with the butts of the guns, taking infants out of incubators and taking the incubators."[20] Reuters too reported they had been told "that Iraqi troops took premature babies out of incubators in Kuwait in order to steal the equipment."[21] [22]

On September 9, NPR reported that "in a ward for premature infants, soldiers had turned off the oxygen on incubators and packed the equipment for shipment to Iraq."[23]

On September 17, Edward Gnehm Jr., the U.Southward. ambassador-designate to Kuwait, told reporters that Kuwaiti health officials told him 22 babies had died when Iraqi troops had stolen their incubators.[24] The Los Angeles Times reported that "refugees reported that incubators for premature babies were confiscated by Iraqi troops and the babies inside were piled on the floor and left to die."[10] [25] The San Jose Mercury News besides reported the same accusation that day, adding that Western diplomats thought "this is the kind of thing that some people call genocide, and if people wanted to metaphrase it as such, information technology could exist crusade for some kind of military intervention."[26]

On September 25, The Washington Post reported that "Kuwait City's hospitals are being stripped of incubators."[10] [27] The president of Citizens for a Costless Kuwait wrote to Representative Gus Yatron stating of how he "recently learned that the Iraqi leader has ordered that maternity hospital incubators [in Kuwait], used for treating premature babies, be turned off, allowing these infants to die of exposure."[28]

On September 29, in a meeting between Kuwaiti leader Sheik Jabbar al Ahmed al Sabah and President George H. Due west. Bush, the exiled emir told the president that Iraqis were "going into hospitals, taking babies out of incubators and people off life-support machines to send the equipment back to Iraq."[29] [30] In his remarks post-obit the discussion, Bush stated that "Iraqi assailment has ransacked and pillaged a once peaceful and secure state, its population assaulted, incarcerated, intimidated, and fifty-fifty murdered" and that "Iraq'south leaders are trying to wipe an internationally recognized sovereign state, a member of the Arab League and the United Nations, off the face of the map."

On September 28, Kuwait'due south planning minister, Sulaiman Mutawa, reported that 12 babies had died equally a result of incubator looting.[32]

On September thirty, U.South. News & Globe Study reported that it had obtained secret US government cables based on eyewitness accounts that revealed "shocking acts of brutality inflicted by the Iraqis against innocent citizens at Kuwaiti hospitals."[33] The cables stated that on the sixth 24-hour interval of Iraqi invasion, Iraqi soldiers "entered the Adan Hospital in Fahaheel looking for hospital equipment to steal" and that "they unplugged the oxygen to the incubators supporting 22 premature babies and made off with the incubators", thus killing the 22 children.[33]

On October 9, at a Presidential news conference, Bush stated:

I thought Full general Scowcroft [Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs] put information technology very well after the Amir left here. And I am very much concerned, non just about the concrete dismantling but of the brutality that has now been written on by Amnesty International confirming some of the tales told us by the Amir of brutality. It'southward only unbelievable, some of the things at least he reflected. I mean, people on a dialysis machine cutting off, the machine sent to Baghdad; babies in incubators heaved out of the incubators and the incubators themselves sent to Baghdad. Now, I don't know how many of these tales can be authenticated, just I do know that when the Amir was here he was speaking from the heart. And afterwards that came Immunity International, who were debriefing many of the people at the border. And information technology'southward sickening.[34]

Citizens for a Free Kuwait [edit]

The Citizens for a Free Kuwait was a public relations commission gear up by the Kuwaiti diplomatic mission, described by The Times News as a "Washington, D.C.- based committee comprised of concerned Kuwaitis and Americans".[35] [36] Though the committee occupied embassy office space, they were to be working independently of the embassy.[35]

Hill & Knowlton [edit]

In 1990, after being approached past a Kuwaiti expatriate in New York, Colina & Knowlton took on "Citizens for a Free Kuwait."[37] The objective of the national entrada was to enhance awareness in the Usa virtually the dangers posed by Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein to Kuwait.[37]

Colina & Knowlton conducted a $1 million study to determine the best way to win support for potent action.[38] H & Thousand had the Wirthington Group behave focus groups to make up one's mind the all-time strategy that would influence public opinion.[39] The study found that an emphasis on atrocities, particularly the incubator story, was the nigh constructive.[39]

Hill & Knowlton is estimated to take been given as much every bit $12 million by the Kuwaitis for their public relations campaign.[40]

Congressional Human Rights Foundation [edit]

The Congressional Human Rights Foundation is a not-governmental organization that investigates human rights abuse. Information technology was headed by Democratic U.S. Representative Tom Lantos and Republican Representative John Porter and rented space in Hill & Knowlton'due south Washington headquarters at a $3000 reduced rate.[41]

U.South. government interest [edit]

Knowledge and co-responsibleness of the U.S. government has been debated. Whereas some claim complete lack of information to the White Firm, other scholars have claimed U.South. noesis and involvement. German language historian [[{{{ane}}}]] [] has stated:

The work of the Usa ad agency for the Kuwaiti carried the signature of the White Firm in a certain way. President Bush was briefed by Fuller on every unmarried step. Whether he also gave his personal consent for the baby story, however, cannot exist proven. What remains, however, is that shut personal contacts existed between the US government and an agency that had demonstrably given birth to lies. The aforementioned agency was even directly employed by the U.s.a. government in another context.[42]

Testimony [edit]

On October ten, 1990, Nayirah was the last to testify at the Conclave. In her oral testimony, which lasted 4 minutes,[43] she stated:

Mr. Chairman, and members of the commission, my proper name is Nayirah and I just came out of State of kuwait. My mother and I were in Kuwait on August 2nd for a peaceful summer vacation. My older sister had a baby on July 29th and we wanted to spend some time in Kuwait with her.

I only pray that none of my 10th course classmates had a summer vacation like I did. I may accept wished sometimes that I can be an adult, that I could abound up quickly. What I saw happening to the children of Kuwait and to my country has changed my life forever, has changed the life of all Kuwaitis, young and quondam, mere children or more than.

My sister with my five-day-erstwhile nephew traveled across the desert to rubber. There is no milk bachelor for the babe in Kuwait. They barely escaped when their car was stuck in the desert sand and help came from Saudi Arabia.

I stayed backside and wanted to do something for my country. The second week after invasion, I volunteered at the AlIdar (phonetic rendering) Hospital with 12 other women who wanted to help as well. I was the youngest volunteer. The "other" women were from 20 to xxx years erstwhile.

While I was at that place, I saw the Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns. They took the babies out of the incubators, took the incubators and left the children to die on the cold floor. It was horrifying. I could not aid but remember of my nephew who was born premature and might have died that day as well. After I left the hospital, some of my friends and I distributed flyers condemning the Iraqi invasion until we were warned nosotros might be killed if the Iraqis saw united states of america.

The Iraqis take destroyed everything in Kuwait. They stripped the supermarkets of food, the pharmacies of medicine, the factories of medical supplies, ransacked their houses and tortured neighbors and friends.

I saw and talked to a friend of mine after his torture and release by the Iraqis. He is 22 but he looked as though he could have been an old man. The Iraqis dunked his caput into a swimming pool until he almost drowned. They pulled out his fingernails and and then played [sic] electric shocks to sensitive individual parts of his torso. He was lucky to survive.

If an Iraqi soldier is establish dead in the neighborhood, they burn to the basis all the houses in the general vicinity and would not allow firefighters come until the only ash and rubble was left.

The Iraqis were making fun of President Bush and verbally and physically abusing my family unit and me on our style out of State of kuwait. We simply did and then considering life in Kuwait became unbearable. They accept forced us to hide, fire or destroy everything identifying our country and our regime.

I want to emphasize that Kuwait is our mother and the Emir our male parent. We repeated this on the roofs of our houses in Kuwait until the Iraqis began shooting at us, and we shall repeat it again. I am glad I am 15, onetime enough to remember State of kuwait before Saddam Hussein destroyed information technology and immature plenty to rebuild information technology

Cheers. [43]

Although Nayirah did not specify how many babies were in the incubators in her oral testimony, in the written testimony distributed by Hill and Knowlton, information technology read "While I was at that place I saw the Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns, and go into the room where 15 babies were in incubators."[44] The testimony was not given under oath.

Representative John Porter, co-chairman of the caucus, remarked that in his eight years of service on the caucus, he had never heard such "brutality and inhumanity and sadism."[45] Nayirah's testimony was described as the most dramatic.[45]

Colina & Knowlton [edit]

Information technology is unclear how much of Nayirah's testimony was coached. Though the firm was supposed to provide merely stylistic aid,[46] it was reported that H&K "provided witnesses, wrote testimony, and coached the witnesses for effectiveness."[47]

Reactions [edit]

Nayirah's testimony was widely publicized.[48] Loma & Knowlton, which had filmed the hearing, sent out a video news release to MediaLink, a firm which served near 700 television stations in the United states of america.[49]

That night, portions of the testimony aired on ABC's Nightline and NBC Nightly News reaching an estimated audience between 35 and 53 million Americans.[47] [49] Seven senators cited Nayirah'due south testimony in their speeches backing the employ of force.[Notation 1] President George Bush repeated the story at to the lowest degree 10 times in the post-obit weeks.[52] Her business relationship of the atrocities helped to stir American stance in favor of participation in the Gulf War.[53]

Initial response [edit]

On January 13, 1991, the Lord's day Times reported that a Dr. Ali Al-Huwail could vouch for 92 deaths.[54]

Iraq denied the allegations. On October 16, Iraqi information minister Latif Nassif al-Jassem told the Iraqi News Agency that "now y'all [Bush] are using what he [Sheikh Jaber] told you lot to make Congress ratify the upkeep which is in the red because of your policies" adding that "you, as the president of a superpower, have to counterbalance words carefully and not deed equally a clown who repeats what he is told."[55]

In a visit to Kuwait on Oct 21, 1990, by journalists who were escorted by Iraqi data ministry officials, doctors at a Kuwaiti maternity facility denied the incubator allegations.[56] In the visit, the Iraqi caput of the Kuwaiti health department, Abdul-Rahman Mohammad al-Ugeily, said that "Baghdad had sent 1,000 doctors and other medical to staff to help run Kuwait's 14 hospitals and health centres following the invasion."[56]

Martin and MacArthur [edit]

A little reportorial investigation would have washed a corking service to the democratic process.
— John MacArthur[57]

On March 15, 1991, John Martin, an ABC reporter, reported that "patients, including premature babies, did die, when many of Kuwait's nurses and doctors stopped working or fled the country" and discovered that Iraqi troops "nigh certainly had not stolen hospital incubators and left hundreds of Kuwaiti babies to die."[4]

On January 6, 1992, The New York Times published an op-ed piece past John MacArthur entitled "Remember Nayirah, Witness for Kuwait?"[57] MacArthur discovered that Nayirah was the daughter of the Kuwaiti Ambassador to the U.South., Saud Nasir al-Sabah.[57] MacArthur noted that "the incubator story seriously distorted the American debate about whether to support military action" and questioned whether "their [Representatives Lantos and Porter] special relationship with Hill and Knowlton should prompt a Congressional investigation to find out if their actions just constituted an obvious conflict of interest or, worse, if they knew who the tearful Nayirah really was in October 1990."[57] The story earned MacArthur the Monthly Journalism Award from The Washington Monthly in April 1992, and the Mencken Award in 1993.[44] [58]

Loma & Knowlton [edit]

We disseminated information in a void as a basis for Americans to grade opinions.
— Frank Mankiewicz, Vice Chairman, Loma & Knowlton[59] [lx]

On January 15, 1992, the CEO of Hill & Knowlton, Thomas East. Eidson, responded to the concerns raised by MacArthur in a letter to the editor to The New York Times.[61] Eidson stated that "at no time has this business firm collaborated with anyone to produce knowingly deceptive testimony", asserting that the house "had no reason to question her veracity when she testified post-obit her escape from Kuwait."[61] The letter explained that Nayirah's charge that Iraqi soldiers removed newborn babies from incubators was corroborated by Dr. Ibraheem Behbehani, head of the Crimson Crescent, earlier the United nations Security Council, and that the media was not permitted back inside Kuwait "until after the liberation", so there was no way to verify the stories of refugees like her.[61] Eidson concluded that "Nayirah's credibility should no more be questioned than if she had been a doctor or teacher" and the company's work with the Kuwaitis was consequent with house's standards stating that "the public interest was fairly served."[61]

In August 1992, Howard Paster replaced Robert K. Grayness equally the general manager of the Washington part in order to clean up the firm's image.[62] [63]

Critics contended that Hill & Knowlton had concocted a fake popular movement, Citizens for a Complimentary State of kuwait, and subsequently used questionable prove and suspect witnesses to influence public opinion and policy in the United States and the Un.[60] [64] [65]

Loma & Knowlton's actions taken on behalf of Citizens for a Free Kuwait, together with those of other major clients including Bank of Credit and Commerce International, the Church building of Scientology, and an anti-abortion campaign by Catholic bishops raised ethical concerns among public relations professionals.[66] The concerns, though not new, were more vigorous than previous ones due to the prominence of the bug.[37]

Tom Lantos [edit]

Hold on to your hats. The thousand campaign to rewrite the history of the Persian Gulf war is on.
— Tom Lantos' response to MacArthur[67]

While Lantos was a close friend of Bush at the time, likewise as a co-chair of the Congressional Human Rights Foundation, he failed to notify Bush of his position within the Nayirah case, or of her true identity. In an interview, Lantos stated that he had concealed Nayirah'due south identity at the request of her father in order to protect her family unit and friends.[53] Lantos denied any allegations of wrongdoing arguing that "The media happened to focus on her. If she hadn't testified, they would have focused on something else."[53] Lantos too stated that:

The notion that any of the witnesses brought to the caucus through the Kuwaiti Embassy would not be apparent did not cross my mind. I have no basis for assuming that her story is non true, but the point goes beyond that. If one hypothesizes that the woman's story is fictitious from A to Z, that in no fashion diminishes the avalanche of man rights violations.[53]

In a letter to the editor to The New York Times on Jan 27, 1992, entitled "Kuwaiti Gave Consistent Business relationship of Atrocities", Tom Lantos responded to MacArthur'due south allegations. He wrote that "Mr. MacArthur's deceptive commodity serves only the cynics who seek to rewrite the history of the Persian Gulf war" noting "the article's sinister innuendo suggests that the girl was not even in Kuwait at the time of the Iraqi invasion, and that the whole gruesome incident was a diabolical plot by an American public relations firm."[67] Lantos wrote that "the fact that Nayirah was the girl of the Administrator of Kuwait fabricated her a more than credible witness" and that "her relationship to the Administrator and Government enhanced her credibility."[67] He as well noted that "her business relationship was consistent with the information we received from other witnesses, with hundreds of other atrocity stories from Kuwait carried past media around the globe, and consistent with reports by independent human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International, who besides testified at our hearing and subsequently published accounts similar to Nayirah's."[67] Lantos concluded that "given the countless cases of verified Iraqi human rights violations", it was "unnecessary and counterproductive to invent atrocities."[67]

Lantos besides rejected the allegations of a special relationship between the caucus and Hill & Knowlton, stating that "caucus activities are held without regard to whether these countries are represented by any constabulary firm or public relations house."[67]

In a subsequent alphabetic character to The New York Times, MacArthur pointed out that the testimony had been retracted.[68]

Ambassador Sabah [edit]

The ambassador has stated that his daughter had witnessed the atrocities she described and that her presence in Kuwait could be verified by the United States Diplomatic mission in Kuwait.[53] He as well stated "If I wanted to lie, or if nosotros wanted to prevarication, if we wanted to exaggerate, I wouldn't use my girl to practice so. I could hands buy other people to do it."[69]

Lauri Fitz- Pegado [edit]

Pegado was the interim Vice President of Hill & Knowlton at the time of Nayirah's Testimony. It was later confirmed within the Kuwaitis investigation that Pegado was responsible for coaching Nayirah in what was proven to be her false testimony.

Other [edit]

The campaign has been described by critics as corrupt, deceptive and unethical. Some charge that information technology was used to spread false or exaggerated tales of Iraqi atrocities.[40] [lxx] [71]

Lantos was criticized for his withholding the data.[72]

Investigations [edit]

Human Rights Watch [edit]

In 1992, the human being rights system Middle East Scout, a division of Homo Rights Watch, published the results of their investigation of the incubator story. Its managing director, Andrew Whitley, told the press, "While information technology is true that the Iraqis targeted hospitals, at that place is no truth to the charge which was central to the war propaganda effort that they stole incubators and callously removed babies assuasive them to die on the flooring. The stories were manufactured from germs of truth by people outside the country who should take known better." I investigator, Aziz Abu-Hamad, interviewed doctors in the hospital where Nayirah claimed she witnessed Iraqi soldiers pull xv infants from incubators and leave them to dice. The Contained reported, "The doctors told him the motherhood ward had 25 to 30 incubators. None was taken past the Iraqis, and no babies were taken from them."[73]

Amnesty International [edit]

Amnesty International initially supported the story, but later on issued a retraction.[74] [75] It stated that information technology "found no reliable evidence that Iraqi forces had caused the deaths of babies by removing them or ordering their removal from incubators."[76]

Kroll Report [edit]

Kuwaiti officials do non discuss the matter with the printing.[44] In order to answer to these charges, the Kuwaiti authorities hired Kroll Assembly to undertake an independent investigation of the incubator story. The Kroll investigation lasted nine weeks and conducted over 250 interviews. The interviews with Nayirah revealed that her original testimony was wildly distorted at best; she told Kroll that she had actually seen only i baby outside its incubator for "no more than than a moment." She besides told Kroll that she was never a volunteer at the hospital and had in fact "merely stopped by for a few minutes."[77]

Aftermath [edit]

In fact, nearly everyone involved in peddling the tale of the unplugged babies, from Immunity International to Kuwaiti doctors, has sprinted away from information technology.
— Newsday[78]

Following the end of the war, Reuters reported that Iraq returned "98 truckloads of medical equipment stolen from Kuwait, including 2 of the infant incubators". Abdul Rahim al-Zeid, an assistant under-secretary at the Kuwaiti Public Health Ministry, said that past returning the incubators the Iraqis had unwittingly provided proof that they took them.[79] Kuwait's chief ambulance officer, Abdul Reda Abbas, stated that "We think the Iraqis might take returned the incubators by mistake."[79]

Following the revelation of Nayirah's identity, there was a public outrage that the data had been withheld.[fourscore]

[edit]

In the end, the question was not whether H&Thousand effectively altered public opinion, but whether the combined efforts of America's own regime, foreign interests, and private PR and lobbying campaigns drowned out decent and rational, unemotional debate.
— The ability house: Robert Keith Gray and the selling of admission and influence in Washington [81]

The content, presentation, distribution, effectiveness, and purpose of Nayirah's testimony accept been the subject of multiple public relations studies.

In his volume, Strategic Maneuvering in Belligerent Discourse, Frans H. van Eemeren, stating that "visual messages which back-trail verbal argumentation can be and so desperate that rational argumentation becomes almost impossible", described Nayirah'south story equally an argumentum advertisement misericordiam.[82] In the paper The Hill & Knowlton Cases: A Brief on the Controversy by Susanne A. Roschwalb, the author noted that as H&K was a British firm, "what effect did British concerns -such every bit the possible plummet of its fiscal institutions, if the Kuwaiti currency, the dinar, became worthless -take on Loma & Knowlton's efforts?"[83] Ted Rowse, in his commodity "Kuwaitgate — killing of Kuwaiti babies past Iraqi soldiers exaggerated" in The Washington Monthly, noted that "Most reporters, having patently been burned by Hill & Knowlton's handiwork in spreading the original Nayirah story without checking it out, seem to prefer to allow the story fade away, passively falling, in one case over again, for the company's public relations guile."[44] John R. MacArthur, who authored 2nd Front end: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War, has noted that "at the time, it was the most sophisticated and expensive PR campaign e'er run in the U.S. by a foreign government."[70]

See also [edit]

  • Foreign interventions past the U.s.
  • American imperialism
  • House of Al-Sabah
  • To Sell a War
  • Wag the Dog
  • Gulf of Tonkin incident
  • Live From Baghdad
  • Jumana Hanna
  • Saddam Hussein'due south alleged shredder
  • Barbarism propaganda

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ This was viewed as important since the January 10, 1991 authorization to use forcefulness passed past simply 5 senate votes.[l] [51]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Regan, Tom (2002-09-06). "When contemplating war, beware of babies in incubators". Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved October 31, 2013.
  2. ^ Morris, Al (2009). Culture Hijacked: Rescuing Jesus from Christianity and the man spirit From Chains. ISBN978-1440182426.
  3. ^ Cockburn, Alexander (1991-02-07). "Alexander Cockburn reviews 'An American Life' by Ronald Reagan · LRB 7 February 1991". London Review of Books. lrb.co.uk. p. 9. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  4. ^ a b Fowler, p. 22
  5. ^ Healey, John (28 January 1991). "Amnesty Responds to President Bush". The Heights. No. 1. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  6. ^ "U.S. Evacuates 171 From Iraq, Kuwait – Women Who Made Information technology Out Recount Tales Of Terror". St. Louis Mail service-Dispatch. September eight, 1990. p. 1A. Cindy of San Francisco, who declined to be identified further, said, Iraqis are beating people, bombing and shooting. They are taking all hospital equipment, babies out of incubators. Life-support systems are turned off. ... They are even removing traffic lights. "The Iraqis are beating Kuwaitis, torturing them, knifing them, beating them, cutting their ears off if they are caught resisting or are with the Kuwaiti army or constabulary," she said.
  7. ^ a b Un Security Council masthead certificate Letter Dated ii September 1990 From The Permanent Representative Of State of kuwait To The Un Addressed To The Secretarial assistant-Full general S/21694 September iii, 1990.
  8. ^ Leff, Lisa (September 11, 1990). "Weary, wary evacuees bring tales of horror". The Washington Post. The evacuees told of soldiers looting role buildings, schools and hospitals for air conditioners, computers, blackboards, desks, and fifty-fifty babe incubators and radiation equipment. They described food shortages that afflicted soldiers too as civilians, and random acts of violence.
  9. ^ a b Beeston, Nicholas (September 5, 1990). "A boxing footing to test Saddam – Iraq invasion of Kuwait". The Times. London, England.
  10. ^ a b c Rendall, p. 24
  11. ^ a b c d Frankel, Glenn (September 10, 1990). "Iraq, Kuwait Waging an Sometime-Fashioned War of Propaganda". The Washington Mail service. Archived from the original on November v, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2011. (subscription required)
  12. ^ United Nations Security Quango masthead document Letter Dated 5 September 1990 From The Permanent Representative Of Kuwait To The United Nations Addressed To The Secretarial assistant-General Southward/21713 September 5, 1990.
  13. ^ Walton, p 771
  14. ^ "Kuwait says seizure of infirmary equipment caused many deaths". Reuters News. September half-dozen, 1992.
  15. ^ "Iraq equipment removal killed patients – Kuwait". Reuters News. September vi, 1992.
  16. ^ "Kuwaiti says Republic of iraq plundered hospitals". Charlotte Observer. N Carolina. Associated Press. September 7, 1990. p. A16.
  17. ^ "Official: Hospitalized in Kuwait are left to dice". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. September 7, 1990. p. 12.
  18. ^ "Persian Gulf crisis – More about the Mideast". Houston Chronicle. September 7, 1990. p. A18.
  19. ^ "Kuwait Says Iraq Plundered Hospitals". The San Francisco Chronicle (Associated Press). September seven, 1990. p. A21.
  20. ^ "Released Hostages Tell of State of kuwait Terror". All Things Considered (Transcription of broadcast). NPR. September 7, 1990. Full destruction everywhere, cars wrecked, burned, people thrown out of cars on the street you're driving downward; they just throw people over the street. They're hitting children with the butts of the guns, taking infants out of incubators and taking the incubators.
  21. ^ "Kuwait offers to help cover mideast costs - contributions should offset U.S. liability". Newport News. Virginia. September 8, 1990. Cindy, who refused to requite her terminal proper noun, and another woman who identified herself only every bit Rudi, told the Reuters news agency that Iraqi troops took premature babies out of incubators in Kuwait in order to steal the equipment.
  22. ^ Tamayo, Juan O. (September viii, 1990). "Iraqi hostage horror: 'It smelled of death'". Austin American-Statesman. p. A1.
  23. ^ "Weekend Edition Dominicus (News)" (Transcription of broadcast). NPR. September 9, 1990. `Time is running out,' said i, a pediatrician. She said in the last few days, the Iraqi troops had looted a local hospital. In a ward for premature infants, soldiers had turned off the oxygen on incubators, she said, and packed the equipment for shipment to Iraq. Dr. Fawzi al-Said said the written report came to her by the infirmary attendants, who had buried the dead infants.
  24. ^ "Republic of iraq tightens its grip on Kuwait". Dayton Daily News. Ohio. September 29, 1990. pp. 6A. The U.S. administrator-designate to Kuwait, Edward Gnehm Jr., told reporters Mon that Kuwaiti health officials told him 22 babies built-in prematurely died when Iraqi troops removed them from incubators they stole. Gnehm has been named to supersede current administrator Nathaniel Howell, who is holed up inside the U.S. Diplomatic mission in Kuwait.
  25. ^ Murphy, Kim (September 17, 1990). "Kuwaitis commodities for border amid reports of atrocities". Los Angeles Times. p. 1A. Western officials said that they are however investigating reports of atrocities in State of kuwait and added that many appeared to be well-documented and supported by enough eyewitness accounts that they could exist considered truthful. In ane instance, refugees reported that incubators for premature babies were confiscated by Iraqi troops and the babies inside were piled on the flooring and left to dice.
  26. ^ "Air Cutoff of Iraq Gains U.Northward. Support Kuwaiti Refugees Spill Across Border". San Jose Mercury News. California. September 17, 1990. p. 1A. In one case, refugees reported that incubators for premature babies were confiscated by Iraqi troops and the babies inside were piled on the floor and left to die. "This is the kind of matter that some people call genocide, and if people wanted to construe it as such, information technology could be cause for some kind of military intervention," said a Western diplomat in close contact with the Kuwaitis.
  27. ^ Hoagland, Jim (September 25, 1990). "End Saddam'south Reign of Terror". The Washington Mail. p. a23. Merely while dissidents have been making such arguments, Saddam's actions in Kuwait prove that he is not interested in compromise or in leaving Kuwait -- on any terms. He has begun to depopulate Kuwait, as he once did with Kurdistan, and to transport in Iraqis with phony new citizenship documents. Based on Saddam's bloodstained track record, it is almost certain that the young Kuwaiti men existence grabbed at the border and elsewhere in State of kuwait are being sent to Iraq to dice. American refugees and others report that Kuwait Metropolis's hospitals are existence stripped of incubators and any other supplies that can exist sent to Baghdad, leaving babies and infirm patients to dice.ld give sanctions and negotiations a chance so he can avoid the costs of attacking Iraq'south occupation forces is not enough. That does not stay Saddam's ruthless hand.
  28. ^ Hall, Lawrence. "Endure the Children: Superlative must herald a new era in lives of our endangered immature". The Star Ledger. Newark, New Bailiwick of jersey. The president of Citizens for a Gratis Kuwait recently wrote Rep. Gus Yatron (D-Pa.), decrying the brutality of this madman."Cypher points to the ruthlessness of Saddam Hussein more poignantly than his unmerciful misuse of the very young. His manipulation of political opponents through the abuse of their children is, sadly, a well documented fact. We recently learned that the Iraqi leader has ordered that maternity hospital incubators (in Kuwait), used for treating premature babies, exist turned off, allowing these infants to die of exposure," he wrote.
  29. ^ "Iraq plunders Kuwait, The states warns state of war closer- The Gulf crisis". The Sun Herald. Sydney, Australia. September xxx, 1990. p. viii. The emir told Bush-league of Iraqis going into hospitals, taking babies out of incubators and people off life-back up machines to send the equipment dorsum to Republic of iraq.
  30. ^ Raum, Tom. "Iraqi provocation\Emir'south tales of Iraqi atrocities in State of kuwait may spur U.S. military response". Philadelphia Daily News. Associated Press.
  31. ^ Spiegelman, Arthur (September 28, 1990). "Its leaders in exile, Kuwait plans for the twenty-four hour period of freedom". Reuters News. He said that Iraqi troops were plundering his country, removing even the rides and merry-go-around from a children's amusement park. "They went into a hospital and took babies from incubators. Twelve babies died and then they could send the incubators to Baghdad."
  32. ^ a b Gergen, David (September xxx, 1990). "The barbarities of Saddam Hussein – In Kuwait, 22 babies died when invaders stole their incubators". U.s.a. News & Earth Written report. p. A16. Secret U.S. government cables, obtained by U.S. News & World Report, reveal shocking acts of brutality inflicted by the Iraqis against innocent citizens at Kuwaiti hospitals. The cables are based on bystander accounts from Kuwaiti doctors and others traumatized past what they have seen. Among their allegations: -- On the sixth twenty-four hours of their invasion, Iraqi soldiers reportedly entered the Adan Hospital in Fahaheel looking for hospital equipment to steal. They unplugged the oxygen to the incubators supporting 22 premature babies and made off with the incubators. All 22 children died.
  33. ^ "The President's News Conference". The American Presidency Project. October 9, 1990.
  34. ^ a b Deparle, Jason (3 September 1990). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Gulf Crisis Starts a Costly Fight for Good Press". The New York Times. p. 31.
  35. ^ "Kuwaitis loan jets to transport troops". The Times News. Associated Press. August 28, 1990. p. v.
  36. ^ a b c Roschbwalb, p. 268
  37. ^ Rowse, Aruther Due east. (October 18, 1992). "Teary Testimony to Push America Toward War". The San Francisco Chronicle. p. 9/Z1.
  38. ^ a b Andersen, p. 170
  39. ^ a b The Washington Postal service (July 8, 1992). "Jury Says three Took Kuwaiti Money To Promote State of war". Sun-Sentinel . Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  40. ^ "Deception on Capitol Hill". The New York Times. January 15, 1992. p. A20.
  41. ^ Elter, Andreas: Dice Kriegsverkäufer: Geschichte der United states of america-Propaganda 1917–2005. Frankfurt a. Thou.: Suhrkamp. 2005, p. 241, quoted in: Anton, Andreas & Schink, Alan. (2019). Review of Michael Butter (2018). "Zippo is equally it seems." About conspiracy theories. In: Journal of Anomalistics, Volume 19 (2019), p. 471-486
  42. ^ a b CSPAN Video Recording
  43. ^ a b c d Rowse, "Kuwaitgate – killing of Kuwaiti babies past Iraqi soldiers exaggerated"
  44. ^ a b Brosnan, James Westward. (October 11, 1990). "Witenesses depict atrocities past Iraqis". The Commercial Appeal.
  45. ^ Pratt, p. 288
  46. ^ a b Sriramesh, p. 864
  47. ^ Walton, p. 772
  48. ^ a b Rowse, "How to build back up for war"
  49. ^ Walton, p. 772
  50. ^ Eemeren, p. 70
  51. ^ Walton, p.771
  52. ^ a b c d e Krauss, Clifford (Jan 12, 1992). "CONGRESSMAN SAYS GIRL WAS CREDIBLE". The New York Times.
  53. ^ Alderson, Andrew; Wavell, Stuart (January 13, 1991). "Paradise lost: The full story of Republic of iraq's violation of State of kuwait – Gulf Crunch". Sunday Times.
  54. ^ "Republic of iraq rejects U.S. charges of atrocities". Reuters News. October xvi, 1990.
  55. ^ a b "Doctors deny babies killed in Iraqi invasion". Reuters News. October 21, 1990.
  56. ^ a b c d Arthur, John (January 6, 1992). "Remember Nayirah, Witness for Kuwait?". The New York Times.
  57. ^ "MacArthur, John R." Harper's Mag . Retrieved March xvi, 2011.
  58. ^ Bennett, p. 131
  59. ^ a b Gilboa, p. 9
  60. ^ a b c d "P.R. Firm Had No Reason to Question Kuwaiti's Testimony". The New York Times. January 17, 1992.
  61. ^ Roschwalb, p. 273
  62. ^ Lee, Gary (Baronial 28, 1992). "Troubled Public Relations House Names New Washington Manager; Paster Replaces Greyness, Who Retains Title as Chairman of the Board". The Washington Post. p. A24.
  63. ^ Trento, p. 381
  64. ^ Grunig, pp. 137-138
  65. ^ Roschbwalb, p. 267
  66. ^ a b c d e f "Kuwaiti Gave Consequent Account of Atrocities". The New York Times. January 27, 1992. p. A20.
  67. ^ MacArthur, John (January 27, 1992). "Kuwaiti Gave Consistent Account of Atrocities; Retracted Testimony". The New York Times.
  68. ^ Stauber, p. 143
  69. ^ a b Weiss, Tara (March 15, 2001). "NPR insists funding doesn't influence news". The Hartford Courant.
  70. ^ Hebert, James (July 14, 2003). "Always consider the source ... if you can identify it". Copley News Service. "It was a corrupt, unethical thing to be doing," Broom says of the incident and Hill and Knowlton'southward role in information technology.
  71. ^ "Deception on Capitol Hill". The New York Times. January 15, 1992.
  72. ^ Leonard Doyle, "Iraqi Baby Barbarism is Revealed equally Myth," The Independent (12 Jan 1992) p. 11.
  73. ^ "INCUBATOR STORY NEEDED VERIFICATION". Sun Lookout. January 21, 1992. (subscription required)
  74. ^ Koenig, Robert 50. (January 9, 1992). "Testimony Of Kuwaiti Envoy's Kid Assailed". St. Louis Postal service-Dispatch. p. 1C.
  75. ^ Priest, Dana (Jan seven, 1992). "Legislator to Probe Allegations of Iraqi Atrocities; Accuser Identified as Daughter of Kuwait Administrator to U.Due south." The Washington Mail service. (subscription required)
  76. ^ Ted Rowse, "Kuwaitgate – killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated," Washington Monthly (September 1992).
  77. ^ Dwyer, Jim (July 3, 1992). "Desert Mirage Of Dead Babies". Long Isle, New York. (subscription required)
  78. ^ a b Brough, David (September six, 1992). "Iraq RETURNS STOLEN INCUBATORS TO Kuwait". Reuters.
  79. ^ Richissin, Todd (October 17, 2001). "Media finds war access denied ; Coverage: Journalists are bristling at the Pentagon'due south tightening control on what they're allowed to see". (subscription required)
  80. ^ Qtd. in Trento, p. 389
  81. ^ Eemeren pp. 70-71
  82. ^ Roschwalb, p. 272

Journals [edit]

  • Bishop, Ed (April 2003). "Not then ancient history". St. Louis Journalism Review.
  • Choose, Nicholas J. (Autumn 2006). "'The Perfect War': US Public Diplomacy and International Dissemination During Desert Shield and Desert Storm, 1990/1991". Transnational Dissemination Studies. Archived from the original on 2011-04-05. Retrieved 2011-03-18 .
  • Fowler, Giles; Fedler, Fred (1991). "A Farewell to Truth: Lies, Rumors and Propaganda as the Press Goes to War". Florida Communication Journal. 22 (one): 22–34. ISSN 1050-3366.
  • Gilboa, Eytan (2001). "Diplomacy in the media historic period: Three models of uses and effects". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 12 (2): i–28. doi:10.1080/09592290108406201. ISSN 0959-2296.
  • Grunig, James E. (Summertime 1993). "Public relations and international affairs: effects, ethics and responsibility". Journal of International Diplomacy. 47 (one): 137–162. ISSN 0022-197X. (subscription required)
  • Mundy, Alicia (September–Oct 1992). "Is the printing whatever match for powerhouse P.R.?". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  • Pratt, C (1994). "Loma & Knowlton's two ethical dilemmas". Public Relations Review. 20 (iii): 277–294. doi:10.1016/0363-8111(94)90041-8. ISSN 0363-8111.
  • Rendall, Steve; Hart, Peter; Hollar, Julie (Jan–February 2006). "twenty Stories That Made a Departure". Extra!. 19 (1): 23–28. ISSN 0895-2310.
  • Roschwalb, S (1994). "The Loma & Knowlton cases: A brief on the controversy". Public Relations Review. twenty (3): 267–276. doi:10.1016/0363-8111(94)90040-X. ISSN 0363-8111.
  • Rowse, Ted (September 1992). "Kuwaitgate – killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated". The Washington Monthly.
  • Rowse, Arthur E. (September–Oct 1992). "How to build support for state of war". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on April xx, 2008. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  • Walton, Douglas (1995). "Appeal to pity: A instance study of theargumentum advertizement misericordiam" (PDF). Argumentation. nine (5): 769–784. doi:10.1007/BF00744757. ISSN 0920-427X. S2CID 18245372.

[1] [two] [3] [4]

Books [edit]

  • Andersen, Robin (2006). A century of media, a century of war. Peter Lang. pp. 170–172. ISBN978-0-8204-7893-7.
  • Baillargeon, Normand (Jan 4, 2008). A brusk course in intellectual self-defense. Seven Stories Press. ISBN978-i-58322-765-7.
  • Barra, Ximena de la; Buono, Richard Alan Dello (2009). Latin America after the neoliberal debacle: another region is possible. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN978-0-7425-6605-7.
  • Bennett, W. Lance; Paletz, David L. (1994). Taken by storm: the media, public opinion, and U.South. strange policy in the Gulf War. Academy of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-04259-6.
  • Bivens, Rena Kim (October 2008). The Road to War: Manufacturing Public Opinion in Back up of U.S. Foreign Policy Goals. Smile Verlag. ISBN978-3-640-17931-2.
  • Carpenter, Ted Galen (1995). The captive press: foreign policy crises and the Starting time Amendment . Cato Institute. p. 192. ISBN978-1-882577-22-4.
  • Doorley, John; Garcia, Helio Fred (Oct 20, 2006). Reputation management: the key to successful public relations and corporate communication. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-0-415-97470-7.
  • Eemeren, Frans H. van (2009). Examining Argumentation in Context: Fifteen Studies on Strategic Maneuvering. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. lxx–71. ISBN978-90-272-1118-7.
  • Effarah, Jamil E. (September 2007). Retrieve Palestine to Unlock U.s.a.-Israelis and Arabs Conflicts. AuthorHouse. p. 240. ISBN978-1-4343-3252-3.
  • Ewen, Stuart (Oct 22, 1998). PR!: a social history of spin. Bones Books. ISBN978-0-465-06179-2.
  • Foerstel, Herbert N. (June 2001). From Watergate to Monicagate: ten controversies in modern journalism and media. Greenwood Publishing Grouping. pp. 51–52. ISBN978-0-313-31163-five.
  • Frenay, Robert (March 30, 2006). Pulse: the coming age of systems and machines inspired by living things. Macmillan. pp. 412–413. ISBN978-0-374-11327-8.
  • Gardner, Lloyd C. (March 2, 2010). The Long Road to Baghdad: A History of U.S. Strange Policy from the 1970s to the Present. The New Press. ISBN978-1-59558-476-2.
  • Grandin, Greg (2007). Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the U.s., and the Rise of the New Imperialism. Macmillan. ISBN978-0-8050-8323-ane.
  • Jaco, Charles (January one, 2002). The complete idiot's guide to the Gulf State of war. Penguin. ISBN978-0-02-864324-3.
  • Jamieson, Kathleen Hall; Waldman, Paul (June 21, 2004). The printing effect: politicians, journalists, and the stories that shape the political world . Oxford University Printing US. p. 19. ISBN978-0-19-517329-1.
  • Knightley, Phillip (2004). The commencement casualty: the war correspondent every bit hero and myth-maker from the Crimea to Iraq. JHU Press. ISBN978-0-8018-8030-8.
  • Loehr, Davidson (Oct 11, 2005). America, fascism, and God: sermons from a heretical preacher. Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN978-one-931498-93-7.
  • Maass, Peter (August 10, 2010). Crude World: The Violent Twilight of Oil. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN978-1-4000-7545-iv.
  • MacArthur, John R. (2004). 2nd front: censorship and propaganda in the 1991 Gulf War. University of California Printing. ISBN978-0-520-24231-9.
  • Manheim, Jarol B. (January 2, 1994). Strategic public diplomacy and American foreign policy: the evolution of influence. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-nineteen-508738-3.
  • Marlin, Randal (2002). Propaganda and the ethics of persuasion. Broadview Press. ISBN978-1-55111-376-0.
  • McCusker, Gerry (March 2006). "Propaganda-Truth is the first prey of PR War". Public Relations Disasters: Talespin--Inside Stories and Lessons Learnt. Kogan Page Publishers. pp. 196–198. ISBN978-0-7494-4572-0.
  • McPherson, James Brian (2006). Journalism at the cease of the American century, 1965-present. Greenwood Publishing Grouping. ISBN978-0-313-31780-iv.
  • Miller, Karen Southward. (1999). The voice of business organisation: Colina & Knowlton and postwar public relations. UNC Press Books. pp. 182–183. ISBN978-0-8078-2439-nine.
  • Müller-Kulmann, Thomas (November 2007). Propaganda and Censorship in Gulf War I. GRIN Verlag. pp. 6–vii. ISBN978-3-638-78145-ix.
  • Phillips, Kevin P. (September 6, 2004). American dynasty: aristocracy, fortune, and the politics of cant in the house of Bush . Penguin. p. 309. ISBN978-0-14-303431-5.
  • Rossi, Melissa L. (November 29, 2005). What every American should know well-nigh who's really running the world: the people, corporations, and organizations that control our time to come. Penguin. ISBN978-0-452-28615-3.
  • Spragens, William C. (1995). Electronic magazines: soft news programs on network television. Greenwood Publishing Grouping. p. 51. ISBN978-0-275-94155-0.
  • Sriramesh, Krishnamurthy (January x, 2009). The global public relations handbook: theory, research, and do. Taylor & Francis. pp. 864–865. ISBN978-0-415-99513-9.
  • Stauber, John Clyde; Rampton, Sheldon (1995). Toxic sludge is practiced for you: lies, damn lies, and the public relations manufacture . Mutual Courage Printing. ISBN978-ane-56751-060-7.
  • Trento, Susan B. (Oct 1992). The ability house: Robert Keith Greyness and the selling of access and influence in Washington . St. Martin'southward Press. ISBN978-0-312-08319-ix.
  • Unger, Craig (March sixteen, 2004). House of Bush, business firm of Saud: the undercover human relationship between the world'due south two most powerful dynasties. Simon and Schuster. ISBN978-0-7432-5337-six.
  • Walton, Douglas North. (June 1997). "The Nayirah Case". Appeal to compassion: Argumentum ad misericordiam. SUNY Printing. ISBN978-0-7914-3461-1.
  • Winkler, Carol (2006). In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the mail service-World War II era. SUNY Press. ISBN978-0-7914-6617-9.
  • Willis, Jim; Willis, William James (2007). The media consequence: how the news influences politics and government. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 3. ISBN978-0-275-99496-nine.
  • Winter, James P. (1992). Common cents: media portrayal of the Gulf War and other events . Black Rose Books Ltd. p. 25. ISBN978-1-895431-24-7.
  • Foundation for Public Relations Research and Education (U.Southward.) (1997). Public relations review. JAI Press.

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Nayirah's Testimony". C-SPAN . Retrieved Oct 17, 2017.
  2. ^ "How PR Sold the State of war in the Persian Gulf". PR Watch. PR Sentinel. Retrieved seven/5/2013.
  3. ^ "Gulf War ground offensive begins". History. A&Eastward Tevelvision Networks.
  4. ^ "Deception on Capitol Colina". The New York Times. January 15, 1992.

External links [edit]

  • Brian Eno, Lessons in how to lie about Iraq, The Observer, August 17, 2003.
  • Ameen Izzadeen, Lies, damn lies and war, Daily Mirror of Sri Lanka, 2001 (no more precise date provided), annal.org mirror. Retrieved 18 Dec 2006.
  • Phillip Knightley, The disinformation campaign, The Guardian, Oct four, 2001.
  • Maggie O'Kane, This time I'chiliad scared, The Guardian, December five, 2002.
  • Alexander Cockburn, Truth or Propaganda? Radio interview with Geoff Pevere on Canadian Dissemination Corporation Prime Time, originally broadcast December fourteen, 1992.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah_testimony

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